Classics (the worlds of late antiquity)
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He had a glimpse of the power of a form of passive resistance “We could also make a terrible war upon you without arms , or fighting a stroke , by being so passively revengeful as only to leave you ” Though the early often condemned the gladiatorial games they did not similarly oppose war Tertullian , to be sure , had never denied the virginal conception and birth of Christ but once launched into his polemics against the Gnostics , he was unsparing in advocating the birth of Christ as entirely normal , and in describing Mary as the mother of several children after Christ Tertullian described it as characteristic of some Christian communities that with the exception of wives “all things are in common ” The extent to which this was the case is open to doubt
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For Christians to be expected to obey the laws of the State , these must conform with the laws of God With his thoughts directed towards a cosmopolitanism , Origen wrote “It appears not only possible but true to say that all rational beings ought to be in unity under a single law ” 6 The Christians fight with their prayers for those who make just wars and rule with justice
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The Christians are the most law-abiding and harmless subjects of the State “What the temple may lose in her offerings by the Christian religion , the State sufficiently gets in her taxes by the Christian fidelity in their public payments ” 5 Not only in style , but also in content , the Apology foreshadowed Tertullian ‘s subsequent writings
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We are going to analyse moral and ethical positionsof Christianity in Tertullian`s Apology Among the writings of Tertullian , the Apology holds a pre-eminent position both by reason of its brilliant rhetorical style and of the compelling force of its argument
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With the precision and irresistible logic of a shrewd lawyer , the eloquence and rhetorical skill of a highly educated Roman , and the passion , abandon and intensity which were native to this African genius , Tertullian defended his fellow Christians , pointing out the moral integrity of their way of life and hurling back at their accusers in vigorous virulent language charges of the most heinous crimes The appearance of the Apology marked the beginning of a new and revitalized period of Latin literature
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He replied to the accusation that Christians were a useless people who kept themselves aloof from the common life “We come to your forum , we frequent your shambles , your baths , your shops , your stalls , your inns , and your marts , and all other kinds of commerce we cohabit , we sail , we war , we till , we traffic with you we likewise com municate our arts and work for the public and notwithstanding all this , how we should be of no service to the public is a thing quite past my understanding ” The “love-feasts ” of the Christians were not the gluttonous orgies of the heathen festivals “We eat only what suffices nature and drink no more than is strictly becoming chaste and regular persons ” Tertullian protested against the obscenity of the stage , and the cruelty of the arena
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Harnack contended that there was no Christian communism in the earliest Gentile churches Christian leaders sometimes questioned the right to private property Ambrose wrote “Nature has poured forth all things for the common use of all men “Nature created common right , but usurpation has transformed them into private rights “7 Tertullian who was influenced by Montanism scorned Greek and Roman culture as the work of demons , except some truth in it which he supposed had been obtained from early Hebrew Scriptures
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Christianity insists on the inward and spiritual rather than on the external “Tell me then , which do you take to be the fullest and completest law , that which says , Thou shalt do no murder , or that which restrains the very passion of anger Which expresses greatest purity and perfection , the law which prohibits the outward act of adultery , or that which condemns the bare lust of the eye
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What is injustice to an emperor is injustice to his slave ” Among themselves as brothers through the universal fatherhood of God , their love “continues even to the division of their estates , which is a test few brotherhoods will bear ” Voluntary alms , accumulated in a common fund , were used for feeding the hungry , for the poor , orphans , the aged , the ship-wrecked and “those condemned to the mines or prisons for the faith of Christ “6 Christian morality is not just for an aristocracy of intellect but for all people
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197 2 Hence , its composition fell early in the period of Tertullian ‘s conversion from heathenism , before his ideas became tainted with the heresy of Montanus Although modeled on the Greek Apologies , Tertullian ‘s defense adopts a style and tone conditioned by the circumstances under which it was written
