This attempts to define , describe and explain the nature of stress , factors that contribute to the development of stress in an individual , and in particular what job stress or stress in the workplace can do to an individual

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Because stress is so physically damaging and pervasive in people ‘s lives and because it is primarily psychological in nature the discipline of psychology as a whole and especially the specialty area of health psychology is interested in studying and treating stress and other psychosomatic diss (Chang et al , 2006 The second reason for the growing awareness of the importance of stress at work is practical

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Paper Topic: Work Place Stress Workplace Stress Name Instructor University Date Introduction Stress is a psychological factor and a common feature of almost every kind of work

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What has personality trait or individual differences do with the development of stress as well as how do people cope with stress when the source is the place of work

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But it is important to note that it was only in the mid-70s that industrial psychologists focused their attention on the importance of stress in the workplace Significance of the study Two reasons are suggested why there was a growing recognition of the importance of stress on the job

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Stress has been known to reduce drastically employee motivation and the physical ability to perform the task well thus , increasing absenteeism , turnover , and tardiness (Cahill , 2003 Chang et al , 2006 Williams , 2003 Statement of the Problem What is stress at work and how is this demonstrated in a particular individual worker

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In addition , this also seeks to look into the interventions that have been instituted and are applicable to workers and various organizational settings Discussion The Nature of Stress Inside the body , dramatic physiological changes take place under stress

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In prolonged stress , the body may suffer physiological damage and the person may become ill (Landy , 1985 A

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But if a person remains in that state of supercharged energy for too long , the body ‘s reservoir of energy will dissipate

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The increased circulation of the blood brings additional energy to the brain and muscles , making us more alert and stronger sp that we can cope with the sudden emergency (Landy 1985 A stressful situation mobilizes and directs one ‘s energy beyond its normal level

Explain how proposed legislation passes through the committee process and becomes a bill First , a bill has to be originated in either the house or the senate Once it is authored by a Congressman or Senator it will pass through the committee where it belongs

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List ten differences between the House of Representatives and the Senate The house of representatives is a regional representative body which is elected per state based on the number of people per state

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Evaluate several different successes or failures of the executive branch attempting to influence the legislative process The executive branch can designate certain bills are `priority legislation ‘ to be passed as soon as possible

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Recently , President Bush has been having trouble passing his priority legislation in the face of a hostile Democrat congress 4

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The Congress can be influenced to pass a bill however , if the Congressional majority is of a different party they may chose to ignore the president ‘s instructions in favor of their own agenda

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One both houses pass a bill it will go to the President to signing 3

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In the event that the Executive and Congress are at odds with each other the President may even veto laws which he feels are not in the best interests of the Union

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This method is highly fractious , President Johnson vetoed many bills from a hostile Congress only to watch the bills get passed over his veto , overwhelming majority and eventually got impeached

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In what ways has it been restricted The War Powers Act allows the President to use military forces for 60 days , without a formal declaration of war by Congress

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If the versions of the House and Senate can not be reconciled , a bicameral conference will be called to settle the differences

Simone Martini made significant historical traditions on culture , society and art Simone Martini Simone Martini (1285-1344 ) is noted for being one of Siena ‘s most recognized , influential artists beginning everlasting art traditions influencing culture

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Today , Maritini ‘s style continues to influence artists , specially artists specializing in religious themes Martini ‘s style was extremely aesthetic and theatrical

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Upon viewing artwork today inspired by Italy , including music and movies , that society ‘s emphases on religion is transparent through their art The talented artists influencing Italy ‘s art development are numerous Two well known men identified with Sienna ‘s significant art work is Simone Martini and Duccio

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Sienna , Italy ‘s art development made history in the 12th century , continuing to influence and astound the world today

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Today , Duccio ‘s and Martini ‘s competitiveness are not remembered as much of the traditions impacting the world with the art influences they left behind

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Gothic art styles began in the 12th century , lasting through the 13th , 14th centuries

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Paper Topic: Simone Martini Introduction Thus , if it can be said that art is the mirror of a given society and reflects on its most intimate characteristics , tastes and needs , and even its events , in no better truth can be felt and demonstrated than in Sienna , Italy (Carli , 1956

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Martini inspired art progressed through several changes , never leaving its theatrical religious roots

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This art era movement was called Florentine It is still considered theatrical , but without the glamour and glitter Martini was not around to see this change to his art movement

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Italy ‘s 12th century art serves the same purpose as a looking glass allowing a peak into the emphases and importance Italians placed on religion

The same thoughts were voiced by President Roosevelt in 1937 “A strike of public employees is unthinkable and intolerable (Stopping Public-Employee Strikes 1966 ) Governor Bill Ritter declared an administrative command that rules out any strikes by civil servants , which encourages the employees and labour unions to join together and create harmonious working conditions However concern was voiced by the State Representative Bob Gardner specializing in government regulatory law that legislation should be introduced to prohibit strikes in law as they may surface after this new

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The employees in public sector are divided into three groups The public servants , who work as law permits on civil servants and have particular employment pledges The technical recruits , who work in the state institutions and district metropolis The temporary workers , working project based or for a limited time period According to ROTAL – Riigi- ja Omavalitsusasutuste Ttztztajate Ameti ‘hingute Liit , [represents the interests of civil servants] , at least the technical recruits and the temporary workers should have the right to strike

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Paper Topic: Public Employees and the Right to Strike p Public Employees and the Right to Strike WORDSIZE : 825 20TH DEC After a 60-hour strike that halted subway and bus service in 2005 a state judge penalized the Transport Workers Union by taking away its most powerful money-raising tool : automatic collection of dues from members ‘ pay checks (New York Times , November 2007 An incongruity due to establishment of new employment conditions or some other contention between the employer and his employees is referred to as a collective labour dispute

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Conversely as declared by the Collective Labour Dispute Act , disputes between the labour and the employers must be resolved through the consultation of a moderator , deciding on a mutual agreement Strikes are barred in the following associations Government agencies and other state bodies and local government and The defence forces , other national defence organisations , courts and fire fighting and rescue services (Eamets and Philips , 2005 The divergence amid the private and the public management concerning the collective bargaining is quite intense

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Since the unions may try to negotiate for higher reimbursements possible producing unsatisfactory results for the union leaders thus conduct a strike (Lawmaker : Public Employees

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As declared by the Massachusetts ‘ Governor Calvin Coolidge in 1919 when he broke the Boston police strike , the civil workers have no right to strike against the public

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The government employees are encouraged to present their point of views to the government but no law permits them to form adversaries as bargaining envoys against it

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The public sector comprises of political decisions by the government affecting everyone

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The laws from Britain that forbid the people to speak against the monarchy are still in practice by some American States

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According to Eamets and Philips [2005] , the United States constitution does not allow its citizens to conduct a strike

This allowed him to achieve a nationwide majority in the Reichstag , which immediately approved the Enabling Act allowing Hitler to ignore the Reichstag and the Weimar constitution and legalize Nazi dictatorship Prior to the postwar division of Germany , its political system was br subjugated by a coalition between the leaders of German heavy industry and the Junkers , agricultural elite which made its money through the production of rye

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Here votes for pro-democratic parties such as the Social Democrats and the Catholic Center Party (Zentrum ) exceeded 50 percent until 1930 and approached 50 percent in the 1930 election despite the onset of the Great Depression and high unemployment levels Support for the democratic parties declined noticeably even in western Germany by 1932 due to the Depression growing more severe Reference Blaum , (2002

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Bernhard (as cited in Blaum , 2002 ) stated that the Weimar Republic gave way to the Third Reich when the Weimar president Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler chancellor on Jan

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Hitler orchestrated a decisive coalition between the Nazis and the ardently nationalist and anti-democratic German National People ‘s Party

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They collaborated in a policy of imperialism and militarism that benefited both Junkers , who dominated the office corps of the military , and the industrialists , who received profitable contracts to supply the military Bernhard also noted that during the early 1920s , unlike the country as a whole , western Germany exhibited vigorous democratic potential

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Paper Topic: 4 Could the Weimar Republic have taken root in Germany, or was its failure inevitable

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Between 1919 and 1929, what were the republics’ greatest weaknesses

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Both Junkers and industrialists sought to protect their commercial interests by a joint scheme of imposing high tariffs and holding down domestic wages

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It made even early , isolated California an international crossroads , more accessible and cosmopolitan than the frontiers of interior America When approached from the sea , California presents a forbidding aspect for along the entire length of its coastline runs the mountain system known as the Coast Range

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It was along this stretch of coast from San Diego to San Francisco that the Spanish fathers planted their missions , and here a majority of Californians are still concentrated today Moving eastward from the Klamath Mountains in the north , one passes through the California Cascades , volcanic in origin and dominated by Mt Shasta , to the desolate lava beds of the Modoc Plateau

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Continuing into southern California , the coastal mountains spread out eastward to the edge of the Mojave Desert , then turn south in ragged array to the Mexican b

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The scenic variety of California is famous Rugged mountains alternate with fertile valleys lush forests on the northwest coast furnish a dramatic contrast to torrid deserts in the southeast

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South of San Francisco there are no important coastal streams except , perhaps , the Salinas , but the lowlands interspersed among the mountains become broader and more suitable for agriculture

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Paper Topic: California History CALIFORNIA

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The northern part of the Coast Range is cut by swift-flowing rivers like the Trinity the Eel , and the Russian

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Farther south the range narrows , and in the vicinity of San Francisco its elevation declines , only to rise again below Monterey

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But one must begin with the fact that this is a maritime state , shaped to fit the long curve of its coastline

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The major theme of California history has been the arrival of people – people : in endless waves – and the swift conversion of an empty , isolated country into one of the great centers of civilization

Copyright , according to Rosenoer (1997 ) is important since it provides an author with a tool to protect a work from being taken , used , and exploited by others without permission (Rosenoer 1997 :1 ) This law grants exclusive rights to the owner of the copyrighted work which makes it unlawful for others to reproduce , distribute or sell , perform or display in public the copyrighted material The internet

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Paper Topic: Internet Copyright laws or a current issue related to technology The Challenge of Protecting Intellectual Property Rights in the Internet Age There is very little doubt that the emergence of the internet has made public access to information and communication easier

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One of the gravest challenges that the increased popularity and usage of the internet presents is the problem of protecting intellectual property through the enforcement of an internet copyright law that benefits not only the authors , publishers , and users of the World Wide Web but society as a whole Indeed , the internet holds a lot of potential for transforming the way people live

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For these people , the internet has been a useful tool in research and in accessing information from global sources which complements existing forms of media and publication On the other hand , the internet has also its drawbacks , among the most obvious of which is the difficulty in protecting the intellectual property rights of individuals who are involved in the creation of content in the internet

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Thus the dissemination of information has grown harder to control which makes it easier for users to intentionally and unintentionally infringe copyright laws (Skvarka , 1996 The necessity of implementing a system of protecting intellectual property rights in the age of digital media has therefore become a generally accepted idea among scholars

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Ironically , this problem stems from the very same ease and speed which has captivated and enthralled internet-users worldwide at the same time , it has become easier to download , copy , and share documents and other forms of media format such as music and videos owing to the rapid advancements in internet-based applications

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The internet itself continues to be transformed with every click of the user ‘s mouse and from the creativity and innovation of millions of users and developers around the world

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Thus , every imaginable human interest and activity can now be found online (Doucette , 2005 Those who benefit most from the birth of the internet and its growth are individuals , organizations , and institutions whose lives are directly connected to the production and consumption of data and information such as students , artists , scholars , scientists , software designers and engineers , and a host of other information-technology professionals

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The internet or the electronic network of networks that links people and information through computers and other digital devices (DiMaggio , Hargittai , Neuman Robinson , 2001 : 307 ) has ushered in the information revolution

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The ease and speed with which data can be retreived from the internet has therefore greatly changed the way information is produced and disseminated for public consumption

Justice is difficult thing to implicate and if the ones who are partially responsible are also put to account then disparity and ill-will will just rise , so to make up to the stakeholders it is proper to at least make the ones who have the direct effect be the one to compensate for its mistakes The negative implication is that the ones who are directly held responsible will get the entire burden while the ones who are partially at fault will get off the hook

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In response to the lives lost and in earnest respect to them , it is morally right to give them their due by making sure that the incident will never happen again by taking in precautionary measures that will make them more aware of things that gives harm The positive implications is that there will be less of those unfortunate outcomes in the future and that the stakeholders can rest easier knowing that the one held responsible is paying its due

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In regards with the ones who are affected , which decision would bring them most respect Conclusions and Recommendations In the case of Amtrack ‘s Sunset Limited where was held responsible for the wreckage , it should be given that the ones who have than most or the ones that are directly should be held responsible because they where the individuals who did the most damage after all

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Did they correct the error that brought about the unfortunate event The ethical issue we have to deal with is whether the decision brought more good and at the same time gave least harm to the people

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Paper Topic: Ethics Because of this posing question , the administrators considered the incident as accident In its Economic approach , after all the casualties that had happened what are the consequences faced by those involved

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Paper Topic: Utilization Review and Medical Necessity in Healthcare Running Head : UTILIZATION REVIEW Utilization Review and Medical Necessity in Healthcare [Name of Author] [University /Institution] Utilization Review and Medical Necessity in Health Care There are two trends which are shaping how health care is being managed in the country as manifested in the actions of providers and medical practitioners One trend is the use of utilization review which includes presentation prospective and simultaneous review system in the allocations of health care resources evaluated for necessity and appropriateness of corresponding services

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The term medical necessity whenever used in the medical profession is taken in the context of evaluating or treating patients , out of the necessity of providing medical care Medical necessity however has been equated with the catchphrase at the lowest cost ‘ raising the concern that third party payer are basing their payments on medical necessity determination which lowers the standard of medical service being provided Medical necessity is also directly related to health care products or services including diagnosis and treatment of specific illness , symptom complaint , or an injury

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Utilization review also covers medical health care services and specific surgery services that are supposed to be given to the patients that may possibly be covered by a health care insurer The health care insurer reviews the availability of contract benefits and applies clinical guidelines to medical circumstances of individual patients

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An undesirable decision may result in such a manner with the patient foregoing the recommended procedure altogether because the basis of decision is according to the provision of the insurance or health care package and not on the medical conditions of the patients A utilization review judgment is most often based on clinical guidelines

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The medical situation of insured patients should be considered at the time the service or supply is rendered and should not be based on the criteria for convenient indemnification of the medical provider

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Most medical programs consider only health care items and services that are necessary for improving or maintaining the beneficiaries ‘ health

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Through time , the practice has spread and is becoming the standard in the health care industry Medical necessity meanwhile , means diagnosing or treating an injury or sickness to the required extent

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After the review , physicians are informed of the results and encouraged to make judgments from the perspective of medical necessity and not according to terms stipulated in the health coverage

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It is the shortest , the least intense and inexpensive level of treatment , care or rendered services

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Its main point is to provide health insurance br and governing regulations with the vision of providing universal coverage

Paper Topic: The Bhagavad-gita/The Book of Job The Bhagavad-gita /The Book of Job The Bhagavad-gita /The Book of Job The Book of Job describes a frightening confrontation between God and man — the deliberate “testing ” of Job by God for the purposes of revealing Divine Wisdom however , the revelation of the Divine is steeped not in overt love or friendship or even communion between Job and God , but by the existence of pain adn frustration — the persecution of Job through the devices of Satan which were allowed to occur by God as a demonstration of the bond between mankind and its Divine Creator The story of the Book of Job starts out with “There was a man in the land of Uz , whose name was Job and that man was perfect and upright and one that feared God , and eschewed evil (Job ) — and this beginning serves primarily to promote the ensuing tension — in fact , radical inversion of what might be expected in a story of God ‘s most devout worshiper By allowing Satan to disturb Job ‘s sense of faith — God is instructing both Job adn humanity in the mysteries of God ‘s moral cosmos which seem to present , not definite indications of “right and wrong ” but definite displays of the omnipotence and unquestionable authority of God Himself (or itself ) which trumps not only human ambition , but human morality in saying , 4 :17 Shall mortal man be more just than God

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In this sense , the Divine stands as a protector of mortals rather than a judge of “Higher Power ” per se , as described in the Book of Job The idea that the Divine might exist as a favorable influence — a bringer of wisdom and gifts — to the individual is based , in the Bhagavad-gita , not by a consideration of personal morality as such , by by a consideration of the organic evolution of the human soul where “sin ” or immorality are viewed not as slights against the Divine but as steps through which an individual passes on the road to eventual union with the Divine

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This idea is reinforced by God ‘s own voice which asks Job “Can thou draw out leviathan with a hook (Job ) a rhetorical question which serves to demonstrate the almost abject lowliness of human enterprise when contrasted with the knowledge and wisdom of God By contrast , the Bhagavad-gita shows an entirely different relationship between Divine and moral parties with Krishna existing as a willing teacher of Arjuna the mentor of his spiritual journey and quest for enlightenment

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Krishna first comforts Ajuna by instructing him on the externality of the human soul and helping to stave off Ajuna ‘s own fear of personal mortality

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So when the wisdom that “Anyone who does not render service and neglects his duty unto the primeval Lord , who is the source of all

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shall a man be more pure than his maker (Job ) and the implication of the spirit ‘s statement is that God alone can discern morality and goodness in the universe

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